Prerequisites to complete this example

1. Basic knowledge of Linux commands and a terminal
2. Docker Desktop installed on your host machine.
3. A text editor or browser to view .JSON files

For video instructions, click here: Understand what’s inside a Docker container

Download and test SlimToolkit

• Download SlimToolkit (previously DockerSlim) from here: https://slimtoolkit.org/
• Create a folder and copy the files from the SlimToolkit download into the folder. My folder looks like this.

• Run SlimToolkit to check if it’s working.

Type slim help into a terminal window.

Note: I added the folder path I created to the /etc/paths file. If the directory where you extracted the binaries is not in your PATH then you’ll need to run your slim commands from that directory. You can type ./slim help to run SlimToolkit in this case.

• SlimToolkit has a cool menu driven command line. To try that:

Type slim into a terminal window then type help at the interactive prompt

We use the xray command for this example.Find a publicly available container on DockerHub to examine with SlimToolkit's xray

I decided to use a container with nuxt.js and node.js for this example. Nuxt.js is gaining popularity as a web app framework for vue.js. My team has been working with nuxt.js lately, so its interesting to me.

• Open DockerHub and type nuxt into the search bar. You can also just click this link:

https://hub.docker.com/search?q=nuxt&type=image

I selected the first result for simplicity. It’s been downloaded a bunch of times and seems to have nuxt.js and node.js foundations and a decent GitHub page.

• Pull the container using the Docker Pull Command

From a terminal window type docker pull gerardojunior/nuxtjs

Note: You need Docker Desktop installed on your host to continue this example.

After the pull command completes, check to see that the image is loaded using the docker images command

Run the SlimToolkit's xray command on the target container

From a terminal window type

xray --target gerardojunior/nuxtjs:latest

SlimToolkit creates a .json report file named slim.report.json

Examine the SlimToolkit xray results

• Basic facts about this container found in the xray report

Created date = 2/1/2019 — the image has not been updated in 2 years
Image Size = 69MB
Exposed Ports = 3000/TCP

From the slim.report.json file:

"source_image": {
       "id": "sha256:602502213c4a3e53ed290235ac955eac6fecd77808942b0e962e83946a62ab70",
       "name": "gerardojunior/nuxtjs:latest",
       "size": 68552646,
       "size_human": "69 MB",
       "create_time": "2019-02-01T04:21:20Z",
       "all_names": [
         "gerardojunior/nuxtjs:latest"
       ],
       "docker_version": "18.03.1-ee-3",
       "architecture": "amd64",
       "user": "node",
       "exposed_ports": [
         "3000/tcp"
       ]
     }

• Exploring the container’s layers listed in the xray report

The report file contains a listing (“image_stack label”) of the docker image layers ordered by layer detailing Dockerfile command(s) that contributed to each layer.

Find the image_stack: array in the slim.report.json file.

This container has a single image. Each Dockerfile command is listed in the "instructions": array. In the snippet below notice that the "ADD" instruction contibuted to "layer_index": 0,. Peruse the report to find the total number if layer indices. This container has a total of 8 layers.

"image_stack": [
 {
   "is_top_image": true,
   "id": "sha256:602502213c4a3e53ed290235ac955eac6fecd77808942b0e962e83946a62ab70",
   "full_name": "gerardojunior/nuxtjs:latest",
   "repo_name": "gerardojunior/nuxtjs",
   "version_tag": "latest",
   "raw_tags": [
     "gerardojunior/nuxtjs:latest"
   ],
   "create_time": "2019-02-01T04:21:20Z",
   "new_size": 68552646,
   "new_size_human": "69 MB",
   "instructions": [
     {
       "type": "ADD",
       "time": "2018-12-21T00:21:29Z",
       "is_nop": true,
       "local_image_exits": false,
       "layer_index": 0,
       "layer_id": "5491dce778832e33c284cd8185100e76d6daa18f8cbc32458c706776894127fc",
       "layer_fsdiff_id": "sha256:7bff100f35cb359a368537bb07829b055fe8e0b1cb01085a3a628ae9c187c7b8",
       "size": 4413428,
       "size_human": "4.4 MB",
       "params": "file:2ff00caea4e83dfade726ca47e3c795a1e9acb8ac24e392785c474ecf9a621f2 in /",
       "command_snippet": "ADD file:2ff00caea4e83dfade726ca47e3c795a1e9...",
       "command_all": "ADD file:2ff00caea4e83dfade726ca47e3c795a1e9acb8ac24e392785c474ecf9a621f2 /",
       "target": "/",
       "source_type": "file"
     },

The image layer information listed in the "image_layers": array is useful for understanding what files and consequently what software and related files are in the container. The layer information is organized by index indicated by the "index": tag. Search for index 0 in the image layers list.

Layer 0

Seek the "top": tag and you can view the files contained in layer 0. Layer 0 is comprised of common Linux OS files from the Alpine base image.

"top": [
 {
   "change": "A",
   "name": "lib/libcrypto.so.43.0.1",
   "size": 1734840,
   "mode": 493,
   "mod_time": "2018-06-14T02:30:35-04:00",
   "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
 },
 {
   "change": "A",
   "name": "bin/busybox",
   "size": 796312,
   "mode": 493,
   "mod_time": "2018-12-06T10:13:58-05:00",
   "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
 },
 {
   "change": "A",
   "name": "lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1",
   "size": 584168,
   "mode": 493,
   "mod_time": "2018-06-19T03:48:15-04:00",
   "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
 },

Layer 1

Layer 1 contains files associated with node.js. It is the largest layer (56.8MB) and contains the largest single file usr/local/bin/node (36.4MB). This file is the node.js executable binary image.

{
 "id": "eaabbaf2e7fe2603c758103f3f9397a82ea9c1f39e421735753afef370323a1f",
 "index": 1,
 "path": "eaabbaf2e7fe2603c758103f3f9397a82ea9c1f39e421735753afef370323a1f/layer.tar",
 "stats": {
   "all_size": 56810567,
   "object_count": 4178,
   "dir_count": 711,
   "file_count": 3463,
   "link_count": 4,
   "max_file_size": 36468360,
   "max_dir_size": 0,
   "deleted_count": 1,
   "deleted_dir_count": 0,
   "deleted_file_count": 1,
   "deleted_link_count": 0,
   "deleted_size": 0,
   "added_size": 56786658,
   "modified_size": 23909
 },
 "changes": {
   "deleted": 1,
   "added": 4146,
   "modified": 31
 },
 "top": [
   {
     "change": "A",
     "name": "usr/local/bin/node",
     "size": 36468360,
     "mode": 493,
     "mod_time": "2018-12-26T20:40:30-05:00",
     "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
   },

Layer 2

Layer 2 contains the files associated with the popular package manager Yarn. Yarn is used to configure this container for nuxt.js and also allows developers using this container to easily add and manage packages.

Note: Package managers are good to include in containers for development purposes but should generally be stripped out of production containers to ensure immutability and adhere to production-ready container best practices.

{
 "change": "A",
 "name": "opt/yarn-v1.12.3/README.md",
 "size": 3174,
 "mode": 420,
 "mod_time": "2018-11-07T10:13:08-05:00",
 "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
{
 "change": "A",
 "name": "opt/yarn-v1.12.3/LICENSE",
 "size": 1355,
 "mode": 420,
 "mod_time": "2018-11-07T10:13:08-05:00",
 "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
{
 "change": "M",
 "name": "root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg",
 "size": 1200,
 "mode": 384,
 "mod_time": "2018-12-26T20:22:33-05:00",
 "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
{
 "change": "A",
 "name": "opt/yarn-v1.12.3/bin/yarn",
 "size": 1025,
 "mode": 493,
 "mod_time": "2018-11-07T10:13:08-05:00",
 "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
}

Layers 6,7 and 8

Layers 6,7 and 8 include the container entrypoint definition and the .sh scripts for nuxt.js.

Layer 6 snippet showing the ENTRYPOINT command

{
 "type": "USER",
 "time": "2019-01-17T18:19:19Z",
 "is_nop": true,
 "local_image_exits": false,
 "layer_index": 6,
 "layer_id": "ee754c9068ed8fccbbd95b642f4f4c069d54e94229a0595ce02b91e16c240c03",
 "layer_fsdiff_id": "sha256:a7f1fa57d58b715c742a983028810777b521e878812e61f26cab0290f967feeb",
 "size": 0,
 "params": "node",
 "command_snippet": "USER node",
 "command_all": "USER node",
 "empty_layer": true
},
{
 "type": "ENTRYPOINT",
 "time": "2019-01-17T18:19:19Z",
 "is_nop": true,
 "is_exec_form": true,
 "local_image_exits": false,
 "layer_index": 6,
 "layer_id": "ee754c9068ed8fccbbd95b642f4f4c069d54e94229a0595ce02b91e16c240c03",
 "layer_fsdiff_id": "sha256:a7f1fa57d58b715c742a983028810777b521e878812e61f26cab0290f967feeb",
 "size": 0,
 "params": "[\"/bin/sh\",\"/opt/tools/entrypoint.sh\"]",
 "command_snippet": "ENTRYPOINT [\"/bin/sh\",\"/opt/tools/entrypoint...",
 "command_all": "ENTRYPOINT [\"/bin/sh\",\"/opt/tools/entrypoint.sh\"]",
 "empty_layer": true
},

Layer 7 snippet showing the nuxt.js entrypoint shell script (opt/tools/entrypoint-nuxtjs.sh)

{
 "id": "a38c549dca9e68603ab2a47a06b1cdfe3d9d733f5e29d3efb953e36b9e17d8a9",
 "index": 7,
 "path": "a38c549dca9e68603ab2a47a06b1cdfe3d9d733f5e29d3efb953e36b9e17d8a9/layer.tar",
 "stats": {
   "all_size": 180,
   "object_count": 3,
   "dir_count": 2,
   "file_count": 1,
   "link_count": 0,
   "max_file_size": 180,
   "max_dir_size": 0,
   "deleted_count": 0,
   "deleted_dir_count": 0,
   "deleted_file_count": 0,
   "deleted_link_count": 0,
   "deleted_size": 0,
   "added_size": 180,
   "modified_size": 0
 },
 "changes": {
   "deleted": 0,
   "added": 1,
   "modified": 2
 },
 "top": [
   {
     "change": "A",
     "name": "opt/tools/entrypoint-nuxtjs.sh",
     "size": 180,
     "mode": 420,
     "mod_time": "2019-01-31T23:20:58-05:00",
     "change_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
   },

From this analysis, we can see this container is primarily composed of:

• Remnants of Alpine Linux including the busybox toolkit
• Node.js and related packages
• The Yarn package manager
• Scripts and other tools to configure nuxt.js and set the entry point to invoke nuxt.

SlimToolkit Resources

If you want to learn lots more about SlimToolkit look here:

https://github.com/slimtoolkit/slim